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Synthesis: The ‘‘New” Industrial Economics

Industrial economics through much of its development was a dialogue between groups of researchers between different world views. The structure-conduct-performance school believed that elementary price theory was often inadequate to explain real-world events and that observation should guide the development of models sophisticated enough to explain the real world. The Chicago school believed that contradiction between the prediction of elementary price theory and observation of the real world should be explained by assuming that the observation were in error. Read more …
Average cost
Average cost is the sum of average fixed cost and average variable cost. At low output levels, average fixed cost is quite large because the rental cost of capital assets is spread over only a few units of output. Hence, at low output levels, average cost is substantially greater than average variable cost.
On the other hand, when output is large, average fixed cost is relatively small. When output is large, average cost and average variable cost are nearly the same because fixed cost is spread over many units of outputs and fixed cost per unit is very small. This gives average cost the shape. Read more …
Cost Curves
Using rental cost for the cost of the services of fixed capital, average cost is total cost-fixed cost plus variable cost-per unit of output. Average variable cost is variable cost per unit of output.
The short-run average cost and average variable cost curves are usually drawn with the parabolic shapes. These illustrate the law of diminishing marginal productivity: as more and more variable inputs are combined with a given amount of fixed inputs, a point is reached after which output per unit of variable inputs begins to decline. Read more …

